In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster assessment, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster assessment causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster assessment. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster assessment.

The study area encompassed by the 49.5o–54oE longitudes and 34o-37oN latitudes. The aim is to develop a model for seismic hazard assessment is based on employing fuzzy sest theory. To carry out seismic hazard analysis in the framework of fuzzy sets theory, all of the variables converted into triangular fuzzy sets by using of MATLAB software. After applying different combination of them and extracting output in the framework of fuzzy, they became defuzzy by using surface center method. As a result, the hazard curve has been drawn for the site. PGA values for this region are estimated to be 0.35g and 0.12g for 475- and 50-years return periods, respectively.

The Iranian Plateau is located along the active Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, which stretches from the Arabian plate in the southwest to the stable Eurasian shield in the northeast and is divided into different tectonic seismic zones. Tehran province is seismically active and has always been under threat due to the occurrence of earthquakes and the existence of many faults. Parand City is located in Tehran province and the seismic state of central Iran. It is located in the zone with high and high seismicity in the Hazard zoning map of the Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant design of buildings (Standard No.2800). So far, there has been no documented study in the field of seismic risk analysis and assessment of Parand city. In this regard, the seismic risk assessment of the new city of Parand was carried out. This evaluation was carried out by a Probabilistic method in 4 basic steps, which include the study of tectonic earthquakes and modeling of seismic springs, developing a seismicity model and obtaining seismic parameters, choosing a reduction relationship or a model for estimating powerful earth movements and Probabilistic risk analysis of earthquakes. In this research, the values of β, λ, and the expected maximum acceleration, the maximum acceleration of the earth's strong movement for the return period of 475 years were obtained, which is equal to g0.33 in bedrock, which will be about g0.39 with the effect of soil effect. Based on the results of this research, Parand City is divided into four zones, the southern parts of the city have the lowest acceleration, and the northern parts have the highest acceleration.

Despite the ambiguous tsunamigenic behavior of the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), due to the low level of offshore seismicity, historical evidences and the 1945 tsunami in Makran confirm the potential of the MSZ for generating tsunami events. Possible future tsunamis generated by the MSZ will pose the coastlines of Iran to hazard more than any other country. Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA) is an effective approach to assess hazard from tsunamis and help for planning for the future. In this study, we assess the Probabilistic tsunami hazard along the southeastern coast of Iran considering the entire Makran, the western Makran and the eastern Makran tsunamigenic sources. Tsunami scenarios include earthquakes of magnitudes between 7. 5-8. 9 for the western and eastern Makran and between 7. 5-9. 1 for the entire Makran. Both seismicity and tsunami numerical simulation are inputs for Probabilistic hazard analysis. Assuming that the tsunami sources are capable of generating tsunamigenic earthquakes, estimating the annual rate of these events is required for PTHA. The truncated Gutenberg-Richter relation (Cosentino et al., 1977 and Weichert, 1980) is used in this study to compute the annual number of the earthquakes. We model tsunamis using the COMCOT well-known algorithm (Liu et al., 1998). The distributions of tsunami heights along the coastline of Iran are used in Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment. The results of PTHA show that Konarak and Sirik coastlines are posed to the most and least hazard from tsunamis, respectively. The probability of exceeding (POE) 1 and 3 meters increases with time. The probability that tsunami wave height exceeds 3 meters in 500 years is about 0. 63 and 0 near the coastlines of Konarak and Sirik, respectively. The maximum POE for 3 meters belongs to the area between Beris and the west of Kereti. Distributions of Probabilistic tsunami height along the coastline of Iran also indicate that Konarak and Sirik are the most and least vulnerable shorelines to tsunami hazard, respectively. The annual probability of exceeding 1, 2 and 3 meters are 1, 0. 4 and 0. 2, respectively. The results indicate the need of attention to tsunami long-term hazard along the southeastern coast of Iran, especially for the area between Jask and Beris. Our tsunami hazard assessment does not involve the tsunami inundation distances on dry land due to lack of high resolution site-specific bathymetric/topographic maps. Such computations are required in order to estimate the exact impacts of possible future tsunamis on the southeastern coast of Iran. High-resolution hydrographic surveys are required to be done in future for the major ports. Furthermore, future works should consider other possible near-field tsunami sources, such as the Murray Ridge, Minab-Zendan and Sonne faults and far-field tsunami sources, such as the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone.

Recent studies show that aftershocks can intensify structural damage and even lead to collapse of the structures. Among the structural systems, moment frames show desirable ductility, but in such systems damage spreads in many structural elements. Accordingly, it is possible for these systems to experience more severe damage during an earthquake. Recently, Linked-Column Frame (LCF) is introduced to limit structural damage in moment frames which can prevent formation of plastic hinges in major structural members. However, only a limited number of investigations are carried out on this systems and there is a lack of study that investigates post-mainshock performance of this system. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of mainshock-afteshshock (MS-AS) sequence on LCF system and compare the results with conventional moment frames. For this reason, SAC 3-story building, which is designed according to UBC-94, is modeled and analyzed in OpenSEES software package. In the first step, behavior of these structures is investigated using nonlinear dynamic analysis. In the next step, incremental dynamic analysis is employed for different performance levels including IO, LS, and CP states to gain a better insight about the behavior of these structure in MS-AS sequences. Results show that MS-AS sequences can lead to increase in drift response of the frames with both systems. However, LCF shows a superior performance during seismic sequences.

A Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in terms of Arias intensity is presented for the city of Tehran. Tehran is the capital and the most populated city of Iran. From economical, political and social points of view, Tehran is the most significant city of Iran. Many destructive earthquakes happened in Iran in the last centuries. Historical references indicate that the old city of Rey and the present Tehran have been destroyed by catastrophic earthquakes at least 6 times. Existence of active faults like North of Tehran, Mosha and North and South of Rey is the main causes of seismicity of this city. Seismicity parameters on the basis of historical and instrumental earthquakes for a time period, from 4th century BC to the present time are calculated using Tavakoli’s approach and Kijko method. The earthquake catalogue with a radius of 200 km around Tehran has been used to calculate seismicity parameters. Iso-intensity contour lines maps of Tehran on the basis of different attenuation relationships are plotted. They display the Probabilistic estimate of Arias intensity with Rock and Soil beds for the return periods of 72, 224, 475, 2475 years. SEISRISKIII software has been employed for seismic hazard assessment. Effects of different parameters such as seismicity parameters, length of fault rupture relationships, and attenuation relationships are considered using logic tree.

The present study aims at investigation of seismic performance of brick masonry infill (BMI) reinforced concrete buildingthrough Probabilistic approach. An existing seven storey reinforced concrete building situated in Indian seismic zone IV, which represents the typical properties of medium-rise non-ductile residential apartment buildings in India has been considered. Nonlinear seismic behavior of building with and without BMI is studied to evaluate seismic performance. Probabilisticseismic demand model (PSDM), fragility curves and damage probability matrix has been developed. Analytical fragilitycurves using incremental dynamic analysis have been developed. Sixteen natural ground motion records from PEER strongmotion database are used to study the ground motion variability. Incremental dynamic analysis is performed and the maximuminterstory drift is obtained as a response parameter for all simulations. The PSDM parameters are calculated usingregression analysis for numerical models. The variation in the PSDM parameters is studied. Discrete probability matricesare developed for different damage stages. Finally, the effects of brick masonry infill on seismic performance are discussed.

Threat assessment is one of the most important pillars of data fusion systems. In this paper, we use two graphical models: fuzzy cognitive map and bayesian network to implement a complete threat assessment network. The structure of this network includes numerous variables of threat assessment and relates them well to each other. Given the uncertainty in all threat assessment issues, various types of uncertainty and how to deal with them are considered in this article. A comprehensive review has also been carried out on a variety of methods for incorporating both types of fuzzy and Probabilistic uncertainties and a new approach is proposed. In this method, two separated fuzzy and bayesian networks are used to consider uncertainties. The approach of the proposed method is fully described, step-by-step. Furthermore, this paper addresses the major challenges of the threat assessment problem and shows that the proposed method is capable of solving these issues. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of qualitative and quantitative validation criteria is presented. As a test a scenario for air targets is simulated and the results of the proposed method are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with fuzzy cognitive map and bayesian network methods. These results indicate that the proposed method works better than other methods regarding root mean square error, total and trivial sensitivity degree and seperation degree. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed structure and method has been confirmed by experts in the field of battle management.